What is the purpose of flaps in an aircraft?

Flaps are movable surfaces on the wings of an aircraft that serve the primary purpose of increasing both lift and drag during critical phases of flight, specifically during takeoff and landing. When extended, flaps change the shape and configuration of the wing, allowing the aircraft to maintain lift at lower speeds. This is essential during takeoff when the aircraft needs to generate enough lift to become airborne and during landing when a slower approach speed is desirable to ensure a safe touchdown.

By increasing the lift-to-drag ratio, flaps enable the aircraft to fly at slower airspeeds without stalling, thus reducing the runway distance needed for takeoff and landing. The increased drag created by the flaps also aids in descent during landing, allowing pilots to control their approach more effectively.

While flaps do enhance some aspects of control, such as allowing for slower flight and better handling characteristics during low-speed operations, they do not serve to decrease elevator response, stabilize the aircraft in turbulence, or contribute to fuel efficiency in a typical operational context. These aspects highlight the critical functional role of flaps in enhancing safety and performance during essential flight phases.