How do you determine the performance limits of an aircraft?

The performance limits of an aircraft are primarily determined by consulting the Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM) or Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH). These documents are specifically created to convey essential information about the aircraft's performance capabilities and limitations under various conditions. They include data on aspects such as takeoff and landing distances, climb rates, fuel consumption, weight limits, and other critical performance metrics.

Using the AFM or POH is crucial because it provides validated and tested information that reflects the aircraft's design and operational capabilities. These manuals are based on extensive testing conducted by the manufacturer, and they comply with regulatory requirements, ensuring accuracy and safety.

While conducting your own flight tests could theoretically yield performance data, it is not safe or advisable without proper understanding, training, and a controlled environment. Estimating performance from previous flights lacks the precision needed for safety-critical calculations, as it may not account for different environmental conditions or aircraft configurations. Similarly, asking a more experienced pilot could provide some insights, but it is not a substitute for the definitive, factual data contained in the AFM or POH. Relying on standardized documents ensures that pilots operate within the defined safety parameters and performance limits set forth for the aircraft.